![]() Alpha status and agonistic alliance in wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). McCown (eds.), Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, pp. The social structure of chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. Age differences in social interactions of young males in a chimpanzee unit-group at the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Association, ranging, and the social unit in chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. A case of offspring desertion by a female chimpanzee and the behavioral changes of the abandoned offspring. Association partners of young chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Male emigration and female transfer in wild mountain gorilla. Intercommunity interactions in the chimpanzee population of the Gombe National Park. The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Population dynamics during a 15 year period in one community of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. The results provide further evidence that demographic variation influences variation in chimpanzee mating strategies.Goodall, J., 1983. Mating success also was positively related to the amount of male-to-female grooming, possibly adding to evidence that social relationships are important in chimpanzee mating strategies, but grooming was infrequent and any effect was small. Mating success also increased with male dominance rank. Male aggression impaired female foraging efficiency. Receptive females received aggression at unusually high rates, especially when they were periovulatory and were with many males. Male mating success at Ngogo was positively associated with rates of male aggression to females. Data from the extremely large Ngogo community in Kibale National Park highlight the importance of sexual coercion as a male mating tactic. Males also are often aggressive to receptive females, which can constrain mate choice and impose other costs. ![]() The potential for contest and scramble competition among males is high in this context. Most mating occurs when females are with multiple males and copulate with most or all of them. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSÄ«oth male and female chimpanzees use multiple mating tactics. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sexual coercion is an important component of male chimpanzee mating strategies in many sociodemographic circumstances, but also show that male tactics vary both in response to and independently of those circumstances. Male-to-female grooming was positively associated with male mating success and with the proportion of copulations that females initiated, but the amount of grooming was typically small and whether grooming-for-mating trading occurs is uncertain. Males initiated most copulations and females rarely refused mating attempts. Aggression impaired female foraging efficiency. Aggression rates were higher than at other sites, overall and per male, especially during periovulatory periods, and increased with the number of males associating with a female. In the large Ngogo community, male dominance ranks and rates of aggression to fully-swollen females were positively related to mating success as estimated by copulation rates and by proportions of copulations achieved. The number of adult males in a community can influence the balance between these processes. Several studies have supported the hypothesis that this is sexual coercion, but debate exists regarding the importance of coercion relative to that of female choice. Male aggression to receptive females is common. Also, male-female dyads sometimes form temporary exclusive mating associations (consortships). Most copulations occur in group contexts, and high-ranking males can gain high mating and reproductive success, but females typically mate with multiple males and the potential for sperm competition is high. Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) have a complex mating system in which both sexes use multiple tactics.
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